Understanding Miscarriage

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome (OMIM 277000) is the second most common cause of primary amenorrhea with an incidence rate of about one in 4000 to 5000 female births. It is defined by agenesis of the uterus and the upper part of the vagina in 46,XX females with normal ovarian function and normal secondary sexual characteristics. The syndrome may occur either in…

What function does the FN play in the fetal-maternal ? The fetal fibronectin band covers the entire exterior of the trohpocytes during gestation. This FN layer was initially thought to just act in connection with between placenta and deciduas. However, Antai have discovered that the FN band is a primary component of the immunological barrier, and any impairment of said…

The Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is characterized by congenital aplasia of the uterus and the upper part (2/3) of the vagina in women showing normal development of secondary sexual characteristics and a normal 46, XX karyotype. It affects at least 1 out of 4500 women. MRKH may be isolated (type I) but it is more frequently associated with renal, vertebral, and,…

Pelvic inflammatory disease is an acute inflammation of the female reproductive organs, the connective tissue surrounding the uterus and within the pelvic peritoneum. Chronic pelvic inflammation is often in the acute phase, where treatment is not completely delayed, its onset time is long, the disease is difficult to eliminate. Its primarily caused by retrograde bacterial infection through the uterus,the Fallopian tubes to the…

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is currently the leading cause of menstrual complications in women. It is characterized by clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism, ovulation abnormalities and the presence of enlarged and/or polycystic ovaries in ultrasound images (12 or more small bubbles located circumferentially and/or ovarian volume > 10 mL). It is often comorbid with hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, overweight or obesity, and is…

Hyperemesis Gravidarum & the HG Vaccine  – Antai Hospital Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is defined as intractable vomiting and nausea during pregnancy. Ptyalism, fatigue, weakness and dizziness are frequent symptoms, whilst rare symptoms also include hyperolfaction, dysgeusia, decreased gustatory discernment, sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety, irritability and mood changes. Although >75% of pregnant women suffer from nausea or vomiting during pregnancy, only…

PCOS is known as poly-cystic ovary syndrome and is a condition that is one of the most common amongst women. It is a congenital condition, has up to 20 clinical symptoms and is a common culprit behind miscarriages & infertility. At Antai Hospital, with 20 over years of experience, our doctors understand that the root cause behind this condition is…

Endometriosis is a debilitating disease with features of chronic inflammation and is defined as the presence of functional endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity, the most common locations for the ectopic endometrial implants being the ovaries, the fossa ovarica, the uterosacral ligaments and the posterior cul-de-sac. Endometriosis is similar to malignancies in some ways: progressive and invasive growth,…

Hyperthyroidism With hyperthyroidism, your thyroid glands overproduce the two main thyroid hormones, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). As a result of high levels of T3 and T4, your entire body’s metabolism will increase, and affect your menstrual cycle. It will increase ovulation frequency and shorten the luteal phase. Shortened luteal phase might lead to luteal phase defect, leading to…

Why Are Threatened Miscarriages Stemmed from Low Levels of Progesterone Treatable? In an early pregnancy (first trimester), the progesterone is key to maintaining the pregnancy as it promotes the development of the chorionic villi. The chorionic villi are a hair-like substances that forms the outer layer of placenta and the “hair” acts like tree roots that burrows into the basal…

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) PCOS is mainly caused by the development of excessive testicular tissues in the ovaries. These testicular tissues will secrete a surplus amount of androgen and with that, multiple ovarian follicles will be developed simultaneously (normally, only one ovarian follicle will be developed monthly). Having multiple follicles developing at the same time will mean that the body…

Uterine Fibroids: Diagnosis & Treatment – Antai Hospital Uterine fibroids are common benign neoplasms, with a higher prevalence in older women and in those of African descent. Many are discovered incidentally on clinical examination or imaging in asymptomatic women. Fibroids can cause abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pressure, bowel dysfunction, urinary frequency and urgency, urinary retention, low back pain, constipation, and…